本文章由春喜在線英語于2017.6.19日編輯發布

 

 

 

    介詞不能單獨在句子當中擔當成分，它后面必須接名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的其他詞類搭配(介詞+賓語)構成介詞短語;和動詞搭配構成短語動詞，然后才能夠在句子當中充當成分。

一、介詞的搭配與選擇

介詞不能在句子中獨立充當一個成分，而需要與其后面的賓語相結合，成為介詞短語，在句中充當一個成分。所以選用什么介詞要根據其后面所接的賓語而定。但是，有時介詞也受其前面用詞的限制，因此，許多情況下也應根據介詞前面的詞選用相應的介詞。

二、介詞的語法功能

介詞與其他詞類或成分結合后方能在句子中充當語法成分，構成介詞短語。介詞短語可以作定語(須后置)、狀語、表語、賓語補足語、另一個介詞的賓語，間或作主語等。

例如：

The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定語)

Her eyes were tired from long reading.(狀語)

The decision is of great importance to me.(表語)

They found the machine in a bad state.(賓語補足語)

A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介詞賓語)

On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主語)

三、介詞的分類

介詞是用于名詞詞組或相當于名詞詞組的結構之前，表示詞語之間意義關系的詞類。 英語常用的介詞大致可分為四類：

1.簡單介詞

顧名思義，簡單介詞是指由一個單詞構成的介詞，也是使用最頻繁的一類介詞。簡單介詞也可能由形容詞、副詞、分詞、名詞、連詞等轉變而來。常用的簡單介詞有：

at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。

2.合成介詞

指由介詞+其它介詞或副詞構成的介詞。常用的合成介詞有：

inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。

3.二重介詞

指由兩個單一的介詞并列在一起，作為一個介詞使用并表達一個完整意思的介詞。常見的二重介詞有：

from among，from behind，from under，until /till after等。介詞短語在句中的作用

4.短語介詞

指由介詞+介詞、介詞+名詞、介詞+分詞、介詞+動詞、介詞+形容詞、介詞+副詞等構成的短語.常用的有：

according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短語介詞與介詞短語不同。介詞短語是由介詞加賓語構成，本身可作句子成分，如定語或狀語等，可單獨使用;而短語介詞是用作介詞的短語，不可獨立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名詞、動名詞或代詞等。

四、介詞的賓語

介詞的賓語可以是名詞、代詞或其他詞類或句子等。例如：

名詞：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed.

代詞：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him.

形容詞：Your plan is far from perfect.

副詞：I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.

動名詞：He entered the room without taking off his hat.

不定式：He did nothing but cry.

介詞短語：She often studies till after midnight.

數詞：In nine out often he won't come.

疑問詞+不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.

疑問詞引導從句：He does not care about who will be promoted.

that引導的從句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.

五、介詞短語的句法功能

1.作定語

The key to the door is missing.

2.作表語

As we know, Japanis to the east of China.

3.作狀語

1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (時間狀語)

2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地點狀語)

3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式狀語)

 
六、介詞的復合結構

1. 介詞+賓語+形容詞

He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.

2. 介詞+賓語+分詞

The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.

3. 介詞+賓語+不定式

The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.

4. 介詞+賓語+副詞

The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.

5. 介詞+賓語+介詞短語

The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.

七、介詞的疊用

在少數介詞之后還可接另一個介詞短語，也就是我們所稱的二重介詞。如：

The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.

介詞+and+介詞

Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.

There are many trees in and outside the town.

 

八、介詞的固定搭配

在英語中固定搭配的介詞詞組和短語介詞很多，平時需要加強記憶。此處講解幾個常見的動詞與介詞的固定搭配，并且就較容易混淆的介詞搭配進行比較、分辨。

1.act as 擔任 act for 代理

2.apply to 應用于，適合于，向……申請 apply for 申請，要求

3.belong to 屬于 belong in住在，應該…… belong with 應歸于(類別，范疇等)

4.call on 號召，請求，拜訪 call at 探訪(at后接地方) call in 請醫生，召集，收集 call to 高聲喚(某人)

5.compare with 跟……相比較 compare to 把……比作，與……相比

6.correspond with 與……通信;適合 correspond to 相當于

7.deal in 做生意，經營(=engage in) deal with 對付，論及，與……交往(=cope with)

8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某種游戲) play on 玩(某種樂器)

9.suffer from 患(病)，受……禍患.

10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待

九、常易混用介詞的區別

1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介詞。

2. 表示地點的in和at的區別

a) at表示位置，in表示“在…內”如：

— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (問話者想知道的是位置)

— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (問話者可能已經在影院門外)

b) at表示小地點，in表示大地點

They arrived at the village at seven.

They arrived in Beijing at seven.

3. in, to和on在方位名詞前的區別

in表示在某范圍之內;to表示某范圍之外的地方;on表示“毗鄰、接壤”

Taiwanlies in the east ofChina.

Taiwanlies to the east of the mainland ofChina.

Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.

4. 表示時間的in和after

用于將來時態時，in后面接“時段”;after后面接“時點”。試比較：

He will be back in five hours.

He will be back after five o'clock.

after后面也可接“時段”，但應該用在過去時態的句子中。

They came back after five days.

十、常見考法

一些常見介詞如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;

一些介詞短語如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析.

十一、誤區提醒

1. 一些介詞的基本用法不清;2. 一些多義介詞的用法弄混;3. 一些介詞短語不會靈活運用。

【典型例題】

1.Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone's enjoyment.

A.in B. at C. for D. to

解析: 錯選D。for everyone's enjoyment 意為“為了大家欣賞”，for在此處為一基本用法，但受to one's joy的影響錯選答案。正確答案為C。

2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.

A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to

解析：錯選C。next to 挨著，far from 遠非，out of 出于，due to 因為，根據意思，有空的句子要表達“但還很不理想”。正確答案為B。