高中英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)最強(qiáng)攻略來(lái)啦。果斷收藏！
一、“短文改錯(cuò)”題中的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤類型
(一) 名詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
名詞方面的錯(cuò)誤多指名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式的誤用，可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的錯(cuò)誤，名詞所有格中“’s”的誤置等。例如:
1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.
2. In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful.
3. ... you’ve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life.
4. ... but she marked strictly on student’s actual performance ...
(二) 動(dòng)詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤在短文改錯(cuò)中所占比重最大，它所涉及的錯(cuò)誤包括動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤;易混動(dòng)詞的用法錯(cuò)誤;動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)錯(cuò)誤;動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式，以及動(dòng)詞的句型搭配錯(cuò)誤等。在改錯(cuò)題中，動(dòng)詞方面的考查比例較大。例如:
1. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ...
2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.
3. How about join us? The camp is at the foot of a small hill.
4. I’ll send my friend Charlie meet you at the airport.
(三) 形容詞、副詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤多指誤用形容詞修飾形容詞，誤用副詞修飾名詞，誤用形容詞修飾動(dòng)詞，誤用形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)以及誤用帶-ly的副詞與不帶-ly的副詞等，特別注意根據(jù)上下文該用比較級(jí)而未用的“暗中比較”。例如:
1. They came back lately and had some tea.
2.... you always gave me specially attention ...
3. ... they fly down immediate and catch them without delay.
4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from ...
5. I know you are particular interested in Human Rights.
6. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the more popular in our school.
(四) 連詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
短文改錯(cuò)中出現(xiàn)連詞就要判斷連詞用的是否正確，是否符合句子意思;連接的是詞還是句子，是否符合邏輯關(guān)系。此外如果是平行結(jié)構(gòu)就要注意前后時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、詞性一致問(wèn)題平行結(jié)構(gòu)常借助與并列連詞and, or, but, not only…but also…, …not…but…, either…or…, neither …nor…, as well as等，though不與but連用，because不與so連用等。
1. It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water.
2. I became very active but made new friends.
3. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite.
4. While they find fish come to the surface, they fly down immediately.
5. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again.
(五) 代詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤主要包括形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的誤用，關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞的誤用，代詞主格與代詞賓格的誤用，代詞單數(shù)與代詞復(fù)數(shù)的誤用，各個(gè)不定代詞之間的誤用，反身代詞與代詞賓格之間的誤用，代詞的指代錯(cuò)誤，定語(yǔ)從句中多用代詞等。
1. ... the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves.
2. a lot of white birds come to my city for food. I can wait patiently above the sea for quite a long ...
3. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，they will go hungry.
4. That night, we sat down to what they thought would be a pleasant, uninterrupted ...
5. I just smiled to me and thought ...
6.... your life in your country is quite different from me.
7. Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting.
(六) 介詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤多指漏掉介詞、多用介詞或介詞與其他詞語(yǔ)搭配的錯(cuò)誤等。例如:
1. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised ...
2. He was looking for a glass the cupboard.
3. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an old man with leaves ...
4. ... he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes ...
5. On the front door stood a five-year-old boy from across the street.
6. Could you share your experience for us?
7. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care.
(七) 冠詞方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤多指a(n)與the的誤用，a與an的誤用。有時(shí)也表現(xiàn)為:單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面該用冠詞的地方缺少冠詞，不該用冠詞的地方多了冠詞。例如:
1. An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784.
2.... the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with ...
3. And if he breaks the law of society ..., he may go to the prison.
4.... so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun.
(八) 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤主要為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的誤用。做題時(shí)，應(yīng)注意把握文中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)規(guī)律，注意把握諸個(gè)并列動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)規(guī)律。例如:
1. We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel before.
2. Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college.
3. We hung a sign on the front door that was read: “We’re having dinner ...”
4.... sometimes all that is need is someone to rely on.
5. I’ll send my friend Charlie to meet you at the airport when you arrived.
(九) 主謂一致方面的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤主要指主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的錯(cuò)誤。因此做題時(shí)，要注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和句子主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
1. “I just want to know what the sign say.”
2. Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish.
3. Here are the information about Manchester University.
4. What may surprise you are that I’m going to ...
(十) 短語(yǔ)、句型固定搭配錯(cuò)誤
主要考查介詞與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配;副詞、動(dòng)詞的固定搭配;及物動(dòng)詞后多介詞或副詞以及不及物動(dòng)詞后少介詞，英語(yǔ)中的一些固定句型與習(xí)慣搭配等。
1. My teacher advised me to keep my diary. keep a diary是固定搭配，意思是“寫日記”.
2. In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To one’s surprise 是固定搭配
3. I thought that was dull to watch a game… 此題考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。
二、解題技巧
要想做好“短文改錯(cuò)”題，不妨試試分成“四步走”，遵循“四原則”，實(shí)施“四查法”。具體做法如下:
(一) 分成“四步走”
1. 通讀全文，了解大意。注意語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)和行文邏輯。不能在不了解文章大意的情況下，逐字逐行地進(jìn)行修改。
2. 先易后難，縮小范圍。在通讀全文的過(guò)程中，可以先把文中明顯的錯(cuò)誤找出來(lái)改正，然后再根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境，仔細(xì)分析判斷，將注意力集中在較難的句子上。
3. 把握句意，逐行判斷。可依據(jù)“動(dòng)詞形，名詞數(shù)，注意形和副;非謂動(dòng)詞細(xì)辨別，習(xí)慣用法要記住;句子結(jié)構(gòu)多分析，邏輯錯(cuò)誤須關(guān)注”的口訣行事。
4. 再次通讀，復(fù)查驗(yàn)證。把大部分錯(cuò)誤改正之后，如果還有拿不準(zhǔn)的地方，就應(yīng)再次通讀全文，并利用語(yǔ)感來(lái)做最后的判斷。
縱觀近幾年的“短文改錯(cuò)”題，正確的地方只有一處;多詞和缺詞的地方約有3處;用錯(cuò)詞的地方一般有6個(gè)，且多為動(dòng)詞。這種比例或許也能幫助你做出最后判斷。
(二) 遵循“四原則”
1. 改動(dòng)處以最少為原則。“短文改錯(cuò)”題要求每行只能改動(dòng)一處，改動(dòng)的方法可以是增詞、刪詞或換詞，但無(wú)論作何種改動(dòng)，只能是增加一詞、減少一詞或把一個(gè)詞改成另一個(gè)詞。當(dāng)然，沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的行無(wú)需改動(dòng)。也就是說(shuō)，每行改動(dòng)之處不能超過(guò)一個(gè)。
2. 實(shí)詞以改變?cè)~形為原則。在“短文改錯(cuò)”題中，一般只是改變實(shí)詞的形式，而不能改變實(shí)詞的詞義，也不能將其改換成另一個(gè)實(shí)詞，更不能隨便增刪。例如:
① The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ... (把keeps改為keeping)
② Yes, it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from ... (把clearly改為clear)
3. 虛詞以添加或刪除為原則。歷年的“短文改錯(cuò)”題中需要添加或刪除的地方差不多有3至4處。這些需要添、刪的詞一般都是虛詞(如冠詞、介詞等)，不是實(shí)詞(如動(dòng)詞、名詞等)，否則會(huì)改變句子的原意。例如:
① They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early ... (刪去that)
② He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加in)
4. 以保持句子原意不變?yōu)樵瓌t。做“短文改錯(cuò)”題時(shí)，一般不應(yīng)改變句子原意。改錯(cuò)時(shí)，應(yīng)該針對(duì)短文中的用詞錯(cuò)誤、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、邏輯錯(cuò)誤加以改正，不應(yīng)更改作者的原意。做到換詞不改意，加詞不增意，去詞不減意。如有多種改法，應(yīng)以保持原意為條件，擇其佳者而從之。例如：
But I have spent most my money, so I cannot… 改正：在my前加of。也有同學(xué)去掉most，這種改法雖改正了語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，但改變了原意。作者想說(shuō)的是“花掉了大部分的錢，而不是全部”。
(三) 實(shí)施“四查法”
1. 左顧右盼查名詞。考生應(yīng)注意搜尋名詞之前及其本身出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤，還要看該名詞前面是否缺限定詞、該用何種限定詞，尤其要查名詞前冠詞的使用情況。當(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞修飾時(shí)更要加倍注意。例如: Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. (把knowledges改為knowledge)
2. “語(yǔ)(態(tài))”、“時(shí)(態(tài))”俱進(jìn)查動(dòng)詞。考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是否正確，尤其要根據(jù)上下文所提供的時(shí)間信息，仔細(xì)推敲，從而選用正確的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式。例如:
(2006天津) I gained so much confidence that I go back to school ... (把go改為went)
3. 啟承轉(zhuǎn)合查連詞。若要使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，應(yīng)在文中使用各種啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的連詞。這些連詞能使文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上和意義上通順流暢。例如:
It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (把So改為But)
4. 文通理順查邏輯。“文通”指行文合乎英文詞法、句法;“理順”指行文邏輯符合人們普遍認(rèn)可的道理。例如: (NMET 2006) The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. (把第二個(gè)up改為down)
總之，要想做好“短文改錯(cuò)”題，除了掌握上面講的原則、做法、步驟之外，平時(shí)還要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)，多做有針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練。
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